So I prescribed her, something to revive
And surprise her, she’s liver and much more wiser
Than the light I shine when my brain cells spark,
Come to me so we can glow in the dark
A curious combination of psychiatric metaphor and romantic storytelling from Eric B & Rakim’s 1990 track Mahogany. The hip hop duo mention the brain surprisingly often in their lyrics.
April 9th’s New Yorker has a cracking article on the current controversy on whether it’s possible (or even valid) to diagnose bipolar disorder in children.
The article comes at a time when the diagnosis of bipolar disorder is being increasingly used for young children with behavioural difficulties.
It has been of particular interest after the tragic case of four-year-old Rebecca Riley, who died, according to the prosecutors, due to an overdose of psychiatric drugs prescribed after being diagnosed with the disorder.
Her parents, who have been accused of causing her death, have denied the charges.
The case is continuing but it has raised a number of questions about whether it is possible to diagnose the condition in children, or whether it even appears so early in life.
The New Yorker piece traces the popularity of the diagnosis to a book called The Bipolar Child, where psychiatrist Demitri Papolos and his wife included a screening questionnaire so parents can ‘diagnose’ their children.
Notably, there are currently no widely accepted diagnostic criteria, and a number of clinicians quoted in the article criticise the book for including vague or otherwise normal experiences (such as ‘irritability’ or ‘boredom’) as part of the diagnosis.
Unfortunately, the article isn’t available in the New Yorker website, but it was written by Dr Jerome Groopman who usually posts all his articles for the magazine online, so hopefully it should appear there shortly.
Otherwise, catch it in the shops or down your local library.
Link to April 9th New Yorker table of contents (via TWS).
Link to Jerome Groopman’s New Yorker articles.
John Searle will be known to most cognitive scientists as the man behind the famous Chinese Room thought experiment. This is based around the idea that a man in a room translating Chinese symbols with the aid of a rulebook does not understand Chinese, any more than a computer producing intelligent-like (understanding-like, consciousness-like) behaviour due to programming rules has intelligence (or understanding, or consciousness). Since I found this line of argument confused, and ultimately frustrating, I didn’t expect to enjoy his new book ‘Freedom & Neurobiology: Reflections of Free Will, Language and Political Power’. I didn’t expect to, but I did.
This short book is made up of two separate lectures of Searle’s, originally published in France, along with an extensive introduction. The introduction is Searle’s tour through the history of philosophy, establishing the ‘basic facts’ as it were, to the point where we are now. A point at which we have dealt with many small problems and can now ‘advance very general accounts of mind, language, rationality, society, etc.’. This ‘large-scale philosophy’ is possible, Searle argues, because of the unity of mind with biology, and, secondly and a consequence of this, the new openness within philosophy to accounting for empirical evidence (for a particularly choice quote from the introduction, see here).
True to this manifesto, Searle’s two essays cover lots of ground. The first is ‘Free Will as a problem in neurobiology’, the second ‘social ontology and political power’. Both are very readable, full of strong arguments and interesting observations. IANAP, but there is nothing of a the obtuse Searle of the Chinese Room that I was expecting, in fact ‘Freedom & Neurobiology’ makes me think that I should go back to the original Chinese Room argument and read it again. If this new book is anything to go by there is sure to be more clarity and subtly there than I remember.
Professor Philip Zimbardo, famous for the Stanford Prison Experiment, is speaking in London on Tuesday 17th April where he’ll be giving a talk entitled ‘The Lucifer Effect: How Good People Turn Evil’.
The title of the talk is also the name of his new book that explores how people can be influenced to commit extreme acts that would otherwise seem out of character but seem sanctioned, or even encouraged, by the system they find themselves in.
He makes particular reference to the Abu Ghraib prisoner abuse scandal, which he has highlighted as an example of the psychology of institutional abuse in action.
The talk is being organised by the London branch of the British Psychological Society, and, unfortunately, only BPS members are allowed to apply for tickets, although they can buy them for non-members:
Tickets cost £5 for BPS members and £10 for non-members (in advance), and may be obtained electronically by using the booking form or by telephoning 01332 227774. Tickets for non-members may only be purchased by members, who may buy up to 5 tickets in total.
If you’re not able to catch him in London, there’s a webpage that lists his upcoming interviews and talks.
UPDATE: Today’s New York Times has a video interview with Zimbardo on this topic. Thanks Dennis!
Link to details and booking for talk.
Link to website for The Lucifer Effect.
This week’s international edition of Newsweek has several articles on how researchers have found that physical exercise can sharpen the mind and boost brain function.
The first article looks at how scientists came to discover that exercise improves brain function, increases learning and can delay the onset of Alzheimer’s disease.
In terms of understanding why this occurs, it seems one factor is that exercise causes the release of brain-derived neurotrophic factor or BDNF, a key substance for promoting neural growth and development.
The second main article looks at the effect of exercise on mood.
It is now known that light exercise seems to be an effective treatment for mild to moderate depression, and, at least in the UK, is being recommended by mental health clinicians as a useful non-drug treatment.
The key, it seems, both for the beneficial effects on mood and mental sharpness, is not the intensity of the workout but whether it occurs regularly or not.
The pieces suggests that regular light exercise seems to be enough to keep the mind and brain trim, so you don’t have to wear yourself out to see the benefit.
The special issue has been put together with the help of Harvard Medical School, who roll out several experts to give advice in addition to a range of researchers interviewed for the main pieces.
Also look out for the embedded audio of an interview with two Harvard clinicians on the topic.
Link to article ‘Stronger, Faster, Smarter’.
Link to article ‘Exercise is a State of Mind’.
BBC News reports on a review paper published in this week’s Lancet on the effects of jet lag – which can include mood changes, cognitive impairments, disruption to the menstrual cycle and psychotic experiences.
Disrupted sleep is often linked to psychosis, and interestingly, both airports and jet lag have been mentioned in the medical literature in relation to this.
In a curious 1982 paper, Shapiro reported a series of cases where individuals with psychosis were found wandering airports, and suggested, rather boldly, that ‘airport wandering’ could be a psychotic symptom.
Nevertheless, some more recent research has suggested this isn’t as far-fetched as it sounds.
A 2001 study by Udo Wieshmann and colleagues looked at people treated for severe mental illness over a four year period at Heathrow Airport.
Although the rate was very low (less than one in a million passengers), for those that did show signs of psychosis, ‘airport wandering’ was one of the most frequent symptoms.
Disruption to our internal ‘body clock’, the circadian rhythm, has been linked to various psychotic disorders over the years and jet lag is known to make mental illness worse in some people.
The fact that being jet lag can also cause temporary or transient psychosis-like experiences in some people, as reported in The Lancet paper, suggests that sleep disruption may play a part in both minor and major reality distortions.
Luckily, this week’s mp3 podcast from The Lancet interviews one of the study authors who talks about the health effects of jet lag, and also gives advice on coping with it as effectively and healthily as possible.
Link to BBC News story ‘Frequent flyers ‘risk own health”.
Link to abstract of Lancet paper.
Link to paper ‘Severe mental illness and airports – the scope of the problem’.
mp3 of Lancet podcast on the effects of jet lag.
I just found this study summary on PubMed about the drug which is supposedly used by Haitian priests to ‘create’ zombies:
The ethnobiology of the Haitian zombi
Davis EW.
Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 1983 Nov;9(1):85-104
For many years students of Haitian society have suggested that there is an ethnopharmacological basis for the notorious zombies, the living dead of peasant folklore. The recent surfacing of three zombies, one of whom may represent the first potentially verifiable case, has focused scientific attention on the reported zombi drug. The formula of the poison was obtained at four widely separated localities in Haiti. The consistent ingredients include one or more species of puffer fish (Diodon hystrix, Diodon holacanthus or Sphoeroides testudineus) which contain tetrodotoxins, potent neurotoxins fully capable of pharmacologically inducing the zombi state. The ingredients, preparation and method of application are presented. The symptomology of tetrodotoxication as described in the biomedical literature is compared with the constellations of symptoms recorded from the zombies in Haiti. The cosmological rationale of zombies within the context of Voodoo theology is described. Preliminary laboratory tests are summarized.
The paper is by ethnobotanist Wade Davis, who also wrote a book on the same topic called The Serpent and the Rainbow.
Davis’ book was the only ethnobiology study that I know of that was also turned into a horror film of the same name – directed by Nightmare on Elm Street director Wes Craven!
Link to PubMed entry for ‘The ethnobiology of the Haitian zombi’.
Nina and the Neurons is a BBC TV series aimed at children aged six and under that looks at the psychology and neuroscience of the senses.
It’s presented by the bubbly and attractive Nina who, with the help of a collection of animated neurons, explores and explains the senses and gives various sensory demonstrations.
The programme is shown on BBC Children’s channel CBeebies, but there’s some episodes kicking around internet bittorrent trackers and they’re well worth checking out either if you know children who might enjoy them, or if you’re interested in how neuroscience could be taught to young children.
Nina typically fields questions from children and then goes to meet their family and runs experiments with them to test out the ideas.
The programme is based at the Glasgow Science Centre which has earned a reputation for new and interesting ways of engaging the public in science education.
As well as the programme information page, there’s also a website of Nina’s Lab where children can match sensations to the senses.
The mind is its own place, and in itself
Can make a Heav’n of Hell, a Hell of Heav’n
A quote from John Milton’s Paradise Lost.
Interestingly, the idea that it’s not solely events themselves that determine our emotional reaction but also how the mind makes sense of them, is a core principal of CBT or cognitive behaviour therapy.
The Bad Science column is always a great read, but this week’s piece is particularly worth checking out, as Ben Goldacre tackles a move by the pharmaceutical industry to be allowed to selectively educate the public about medical issues and human biology.
They currently target this at health professionals, and it involves promoting theories that best favour their product.
Pushing the virtually unsupported ‘serotonin theory of depression’ to bolster sales of serotonin acting SSRI drugs is a notorious example.
The column describes how drug marketing operates, highlights plenty of great material to show it in action, and also links to a fantastic (and laugh out loud) video advert for a common social anxiety drug.
Link to Bad Science article ‘The Pill Problem’.
ABC Radio’s Health Report has just had a special on the female orgasm with neurophysiologist Prof Beverly Whipple.
We covered a curious review of Whipple’s new book, The Science of Orgasm (ISBN 9780801884900), recently on Mind Hacks.
In the radio programme Whipple discusses the brain functions and peripheral nervous system structures that support the female orgasm, as well speculating on possible evolutionary explanations for its existence.
The interview is wide-ranging and also tackles the effect of SSRI antidepressant medication (known to delay or prevent orgasm in both men and women), the role of desire in sexual satisfaction and the importance of communication in sexual relationships.
Link to Health Report on ‘The Female Orgasm’.
An article in this month’s Wired looks at how new technology is being developed that crosses over sensory information from one mode to another, to compensate for impairment or disability – or even to extend the body to include completely new senses.
We humans get just the five. But why? Can our senses be modified? Expanded? Given the right prosthetics, could we feel electromagnetic fields or hear ultrasound? The answers to these questions, according to researchers at a handful of labs around the world, appear to be yes.
It turns out that the tricky bit isn’t the sensing. The world is full of gadgets that detect things humans cannot. The hard part is processing the input. Neuroscientists don’t know enough about how the brain interprets data. The science of plugging things directly into the brain ‚Äî artificial retinas or cochlear implants ‚Äî remains primitive.
So here’s the solution: Figure out how to change the sensory data you want ‚Äî the electromagnetic fields, the ultrasound, the infrared ‚Äî into something that the human brain is already wired to accept, like touch or sight. The brain, it turns out, is dramatically more flexible than anyone previously thought, as if we had unused sensory ports just waiting for the right plug-ins. Now it’s time to build them.
The article describes how researchers have built devices to provide pigeon-style magnetoreceptors, so the wearer feels where they are pointing in relation to north, and devices that translate visual information into touch sensation on the tongue.
We previously covered on Mind Hacks how some people have implanted magnets in their fingers to get a sense of touch for magnetic fields.
Link to Wired article ‘Mixed Feelings’.
From the Psychophysics Psyber Lab, it’s Psychophysics Haiku!
Maybe there was one
But then on the other hand
Maybe there wasn’t.
or
Silence is golden
Gaussian noise is for free
Which do you prefer?
And many more…
Quick links from the past week in mind and brain news:
The New York Times asks whether multi-tasking is a myth and explores the psychology of divided attention.
Developing Intelligence highlights 10 important differences between brains and computers.
Body position may affect memory for events, according to a study reviewed by Cognitive Daily
Slate looks at current theories of why we sleep – with podcast.
The BPS Research Digest reports on research indicating that depression is linked to impaired spatial ability.
PsyBlog outlines seven ways in which music influences mood.
The experience of people just diagnosed with Alzheimer’s is explored by the New York Times.
Seed Magazine takes a sceptical look at some popular brain fitness software and investigates another claiming a genuine scientific pedigree.
The Neurophilosopher examines research that induced temporary number difficulties using magnets to influence brain function.
Has AI finally arrived with Numenta’s new software release? An article from Read/Write Web investigates.
Neurofuture covers recent developments in retinal eye implants used to improve or restore vision.
Pat: I once heard a funny idea about what will happen when we eventually have intelligent machines. When we try to implant that intelligence into devices we’d like to control, their behaviour won’t be so predictable.
Sandy: They’d have a quirky little “flame” inside, maybe?
Pat: Maybe
Chris: So what’s so funny about that?
Pat: Well, think of military missiles. The more sophisticated their target-tracking computers get, according to this idea, the less predictable they will function. Eventually you’ll have missiles that will decide they are pacifists and will turn around and go home and land quietly without blowing up.
Characters in a whimsical coffee house conversation tackle the idea that artificial intelligence may actually make devices less, not more, reliable.
From p90 in Douglas Hofstadter’s chapter in The Mind’s I (ISBN 0465030912) by Hofstadter and Dennett.
The word ‘bedlam’ commonly refers to disorder or chaos, but it originally referred to Bethlem Royal Hospital – the world’s oldest psychiatric hospital, founded in 1247 and still operational today.
The modern day Bethlem is the only psychiatric hospital I’ve ever been to that has a souvenir shop, as it has an on-site museum and archives open to the public.
Sadly, they don’t do t-shirts, but it seems a company called Bedlam Clothing may have unintentionally filled the gap in the market.
They produce a range of t-shirts, some of which are just printed with the clothing label’s name and logo on.
They’re currently on sale for only $6 dollars, and they do two female versions and one in black for men.
So if your wardrobe is lacking in history of psychiatry memorabilia, look no further.
Link to Bedlam Clothing.
Link to Royal Bethlem Hospital Museum and Archives.
Mind Hacks 